A HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE OF STAKCIN
Several legends have been preserved about the establishment of the village of Stakčín. According to one of them, it was founded by bandits Atanasij, Markov and Rovňak, after whom the hills around the village are supposedly named. Another is the legend of the White Princess, which Alexander Duchnovič left us. It became the basis for the current coat of arms of the village. It reads as follows: "A long time ago, a Russian prince went to Hungary to ascend the throne with a large number of troops. He passed through the Beskydy Mountains and through the villages of Ruské and Veľká Poľana, until he reached Stakčín, where he stopped and camped with his army. He named this place Statjin, i.e. Staschin. Because he had to go to fight against the enemy, he left his wife – a white princess – with great wealth to live in the village. To see her husband's fight, she climbed on horseback to a mountain high above Stakčín. And there it lasted until the end of the fight. Since then, after the name of Princess Nasti, this mountain has been called Nastasom, which stretches from here to the Great Berezny." Other sources state that the name of the village is derived from the Ruthenian word "stikaty", which refers to a place where three streams merge near each other.
The first written mention of the village dates back to 1317. In the deed of donation of the Hungarian king Charles Robert to Philip I Drugeth, Stakčín is mentioned as a donated property under the name Zaktson. Man moved around the Stakčín area much earlier, as evidenced by archaeological findings. The first is a massive, double-sided retouched atypical spear made of menilite hornstone, classified as the Neolithic period (Late Stone Age) or the Eneolithic (Copper Age) found in Rovine near the Chaľcanovcovy stream. The second is a bronze axe with a quiver and an eye from the Late Bronze Age found southeast of the village by the state road to Uble.
The first known owner of Stakčín was the nobleman Peter Peteň (Pethényi), who opposed the Hungarian king Karol Róbert in 1317. He confiscated his property for treason, which subsequently belonged to the Drugeth family from Humenné. They owned the village until the extinction of the family in 1684. In 1703, Terézia Keglevičová became the heir of the village. She divided the property among her five daughters. Stakčín belonged to his daughter Klára, married to Count Peter Zichy de Vasonkeö. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the owners of the village were the Szirmay family, and in the first half of the 19th century the Servický family.
In the middle of the 19th century, the Stakčín property was bought by Count Ján Fröhlich, who owned it until 1875 and after him until 1889 by the second-born son of the Belgian King Leopold I, Philip Eugene, Count of Flanders. At the end of the 19th century, the property was owned by several owners, the last of which – Gottfried Hering – sold it in 1907 to Count Štefan Wenckheim (1858-1923) from Velké Leváry. After his death in 1934, he passed the right of inheritance to his three daughters – Elisabeth Dobrzenska, Margita Karolyi and Maria Pallavicini. These properties were nationalized in 1946.
The Drugeth family established a landed estate in the village, which was first mentioned in 1612. It included a water mill, a water sawmill, and later a distillery and a tavern. In the second half of the 18th century, a Rococo manor house was built. In the middle of the 19th century, its surroundings were significantly modified (an English park, a French garden, a pond, a spa, a water mill, a stone granary, a farm, a gamekeeper's lodge and a pond on the Rakovec stream were built).
In the second half of the 19th century, a new tract in the neo-Gothic style was added to the manor, which changed the floor plan of the manor house to a square one. It was connected to the old tract by an octagonal atrium. The façade of the new wing was finished with hexagonal small corner turrets. The last significant building modifications to the manor house were carried out after the Second World War in connection with its use for cultural and social events (cultural house, cinema, library, premises for social organizations).
The oldest known inhabitant of the village is Michal of Stakčín (Mihal de Staksicz). He is mentioned in 1492 as a member of the well-known bandit retinue of Fedor Hlavatý (Holovatý). In the consciousness of the people, the bandit Hacalaca, who allegedly beat between Snina and Stakčín in the vicinity of Mount Maguriče, has been preserved. To this day, people talk about its treasures, which are supposedly hidden in the bowels of this mountain. There is an opening between the rocks, which is a remnant of the Zbojnícka cave.
The existence of banditry was closely related to trade routes through the Carpathian ridges, which the Rusyns called plaja. A road to Poland known as Via (Porta) Rusica led through the village. In 1548 and 1551, the extinct village of Stavna (Sthawna) is mentioned above Stakčín. Its name is related to the collection of tolls on this road. Only the local name Stavlinec remained. Wine, tobacco and salt were brought to Poland. In the years 1863-65, the road was reconstructed up to the Russian Saddle. In the village there is an old kilometer marker with the number 54 reminiscent of this road.
The first record of a priest in Stakčín comes from the urbarium of the Humen estate from 1601 (Ztakczin, battiko). Orthodox priests – batkas are documented as early as 1690, when four priestly families lived in the local parish. Since 1733, Greek Catholic priests have been mentioned in the village, especially from the spiritual family of Chanás, for whom the Stakčín parish was hereditary. At the beginning of the 19th century, the inhabitants of the Roman Catholic faith began to settle here, working on the Stakčín manor property. Their number increased after the First World War with the arrival of Polish workers on the steam sawmill. The Orthodox faith was restored in the village again in 1925. A very strong community consisted of residents of the Jewish faith, who also had their own synagogue built here.
The oldest information about the church, which was wooden, dates back to 1732 and was dedicated to the Nativity of Jesus Christ. The first brick Greek Catholic church of St. The Virgin Mary was built in 1772 without a tower. The tower was added at the beginning of the 19th century and at the end of this century the temple was reconstructed. It ceased to exist shortly after World War II. In its place today stands a new Greek Catholic church from 1994. In 1928, a wooden Orthodox church of the Pokrovy of the Most Holy Mother of God was built in the local part of Hora, which also ceased to exist after World War II. In 1955, a new brick Orthodox church of Sošestvija sv. The Spirit, which was designed by the Orthodox monk Archimandrite Andrei Kolomatskyj. In 1995, the Roman Catholic Church of Pius X was built in the village.
Two other sacral buildings, the existence of which is shrouded in mystery, deserve attention. The first is shown on Lazar's map of Hungary from 1528. It is assumed that it may be the defunct monastery of St. Catherine and could have stood in a place called Manastyrec (monastery) above the village. The second is the chapel, which is drawn on the map of the village from 1866 and was dismantled after the First World War.
Part of the Stakčín area is also the cadastre of the defunct village of Ostružnica. From this extinct village come the so-called Ostružnice parchment sheets written in the 11th to 11th century. 12th century. It is the oldest written Cyrillic monument in Slovakia.
In 1777, Stakčín became the seat of the Stakčín Sluznov district within the Humenský district. The district building was a reduced copy of the County House in Sátoraljaújhely. In addition to the head, the district doctor also had a seat here. With the establishment of the new district of Snina in 1878, the Stakčín Sluznov office ceased to exist after 101 years. In 1863, a post office was established here as the first in today's Snina district. Its creation was largely due to Baron Karol Johann Fröhlich, who provided space for its functioning in the building near the manor house.
The oldest report on school teaching dates back to 1846, when the school was attended by 15 children. The first teacher in the village was Mikuláš Demko. In the 60s of the 19th century, the Austrian historian Herman-Ignác Biderman visited the Stakčín school, who wrote about its level: "As far as the cultural level of the Rusyns is concerned, it is much higher than that of the Hungarians. I saw written works and drawings of ordinary children from all parts of the Hungarian land. Their works testify to great abilities."
The first wooden school stood near the then Greek Catholic rectory. In the period 1905 – 1907, a brick Rusyn church school was built, which has been preserved to this day. The establishment of the Slovak State National School dates back to 1932. In the years 1953 – 1956, there was an eleven-year secondary school with Ukrainian as the language of instruction (the predecessor of the grammar school). At present, the local primary school is located in a building that was built between 1956 and 1959. The first kindergarten, the so-called óvoda, was established in 1942.
In the middle of the 19th century, a Greek Catholic priest Michal Stareckyj, who was also a composer, musician and conductor, worked in the village. Together with the then teacher Michal Strenovský, also a musician, they founded a successful children's church choir. In 1857, the choir performed in Prešov on the occasion of the visit of Emperor Franz Joseph. The last mention of the choir dates back to 1859, when it performed at the indulgence celebration in Krásný Brod. During the First Republic, a Russian choir led by teacher Andrej Chamilla, which was first performed in 1932 on the occasion of the birthday of President T. G. Masaryk, operated here.
Industry in the village was developed by a glassworks in the Chotinka valley, which was built by the entrepreneur Jozef Rholl from Snina. In the middle of the 19th century, the glassworks ceased to exist. In the second half of the 19th century, a steam sawmill was built under Verško. It consisted of three gators, fifteen turns, eighteen circular saws and workshops. Five brick semi-detached houses were built for its employees in 1897.
The development of sawmilling was helped by the construction of the railway line from Humenné to Stakčín in the years 1909-1912. A network of forest narrow-gauge railways was built next to the steam sawmill for transporting wood from the surrounding forests. The first narrow-gauge railway led through the Cirocha valley under the Vysoká hill. It was extended to Smolník during the First World War. The second led to the Chotinka valley and the third to the Vihorlat mountain range above the village of Střiovce. To this day, in addition to the embankments, the well-known concrete Barankov Bridge and the stone culvert at Šponárňa have been preserved to this day.
In the 20th century, Stakčín was a direct scene of war conflicts. At the beginning of the First World War in November 1914, the Russian general Lev Kornilov penetrated through the Russian saddle through Stakčín to Humenné. Heavy fighting took place near Stakčín on November 26 and 27. During January 1915, the front line moved from Polish Galicia to the villages located north of Stakčín and lasted until the end of May. The well-known Czech "furious reporter" Egon Erwin Kisch also took part in these battles as a soldier of the Prague Corps. He later published his experiences of these battles in books. In Stakčín, the Austro-Hungarian army established a hospital and a military prisoner of war camp. These events are commemorated today by a large war cemetery established according to the project of the Hungarian architect Jozef Lamping. Its area is 3,356 m² and consists of 527 individual and 14 mass graves, in which 959 soldiers are buried. Not far from this cemetery are the remains of another 117 Austro-Hungarian soldiers transferred from the war cemetery from the defunct village of Starina. In the park near the manor house, there is a monument to the fallen in the 1st World War.
On March 14, 1939, the Slovak State was proclaimed. Stakčín also became part of it. On March 23, at 5:30 a.m., Hungary invaded Slovakia without declaring war. On the first day of fighting, a military plane was hit near Ulič, which made an emergency landing at the railway station in Stakčín. The seriously wounded aviator Štefan Devan bled to death. Within a few days, there were several shootings near Stakčín. It was not until March 27 that peace negotiations began, in which the Slovak side exchanged Stakčín as a Rusyn village for the occupied Slovak villages near Sobrance. Stakčín became part of the Kingdom of Hungary and on April 4, the cadastral border with Snina became a new state border. The aforementioned conflict went down in history under the name Little War. During this Hungarian occupation, 12 Jewish families were deported from Stakčín to concentration camps, in the number of 120 people.
In the autumn of 1944, the village again witnessed the war events of World War II. On October 7, 1944, the Soviet Air Force bombed Stakčín, especially the local ammunition depot located in the local part of the village of Kút. During the bombing, 41 homesteads burned down, while four citizens of the village died and two were seriously injured. The evacuation of the population was ordered, but the local people did not submit to it. In front of the approaching Soviet army, the Germans established a defensive line in the area of Rovenka – Chotinka, blowing up the bridge over Cirocha. On November 24, 1944, the village was liberated by the Red Army. In the battles during the liberation of the village, 218 Soviet soldiers and officers were killed. This war has left havoc. Of the 277 houses, 114 were completely destroyed and 147 severely damaged. These battles are commemorated today by a monument - a T 34 tank with the names of the fallen inhabitants of the village of Stakčín and the remains of the Hungarian defense, the so-called Arpad line.
After the Second World War, an extensive reconstruction of the village destroyed by the war began in 1946. The railway line from Humenné to Stakčín was restored. The construction of new family houses began, and a unified peasant cooperative was founded. There was a change in the road network, especially the main roads in the direction of Ulič and Ubľa. In 1958, the front wing of the manor house was modified, where a cultural house was established. The year 1956 is associated with the construction of a new school. It was completed after three years. In 1961, a new reinforced concrete bridge over the Cirocha was built. The construction of a new health center in Hora was carried out in the years 1958 – 1962. With construction modifications in 1963, the rear wing of the manor house was converted into a cinema. In the same year, a smaller plant for a starch and potato dryer was built. In 1965, the regulation of Cirocha in the urban area of the village was carried out. In 1970, the Park Hotel (today's Municipal House) was built. In 1976, the foundation stone for the construction of the Starina Water Reservoir, the largest drinking water reservoir in Slovakia, was laid in the former village of Starina. The dam was completed in 1987. Simultaneously with its construction, a water treatment plant was built in Stakčín. The dam required the eviction of seven villages (Dara, Ostružnica, Ruské, Smolník, Starina, Veľká Poľana and Zvala). Their cadastral areas with an area of 12,795 ha were incorporated into the Stakčín area in 1987.
In 1986, the old railway station building was reconstructed, to which a new station building was added in 1991. In 1997, the Armales Hotel and a gas station were built in the village. With the reconstruction of the former Park Hotel, the Municipal House was put into use in 2007. In addition to the municipal office, a health center and a pharmacy were also moved to its premises. The Municipal House also serves as a tourist hostel. The entire center of the village was revitalized.